Overview
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According to UNDP, climate action “means stepped-up efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-induced impacts, including: climate-related hazards in all countries; integrating climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning; and improving education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity with respect to climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning.” It requires mobilizing tens of billions US$ annually to address the needs of developing and developed countries in moving towards a low-carbon economy and building resilience and adaptation.
Climate action is essential as global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are only increasing—despite reductions in energy intensity in many economies—and breaking record levels by the year. The most common GHG in the context of climate action is carbon dioxide, but others include methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and ozone. The rapid rise in GHG concentrations is primarily due to the combustion of hydrocarbon-containing fossil fuels and other carbon-containing compounds for the production of energy, whether it be from a vehicle, airplane, power plant, factory, or cooking fire. These emissions increase what is called the “greenhouse effect” wherein the GHGs effectively trap heat close to the surface of the earth by absorbing and emitting solar radiation that is reflected back from earth's surface as infrared radiation (see visualization below), leading to rapid changes in climate and disturbances to historic weather patterns that can result in more frequent and severe storms, heat waves, and droughts for example. Normally, the greenhouse effect is what keeps our planet warm enough for life. Today, however, too much GHG is warming the planet faster than life's ability to cope with the rapid climatic changes.
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The impacts of climate change are starting to be visible everywhere, with rising temperatures, ice caps and glaciers melting in the poles and alpine regions, rising sea levels (through meltwater and thermal expansion), and natural ecosystem collapse among other issues, not to mention the increasingly unacceptable health consequences of pollution associated with GHG emissions. Without tackling climate change, it will not be possible to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to end poverty, and to build stronger economies and safer, healthier, and more livable societies everywhere. To this end, climate action can be connected in one way or another to almost every SDG, with SDG 13 dedicated solely to “take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact.”
Asian-Pacific Context
Climate action (SDG 13) is particularly important in the context of the Asia-Pacific region, which is at the forefront of the impacts of climate change. Higher temperatures, sea level rise, and extreme weather events linked to climate change are having a major impact on the region, harming its economies, natural and physical assets, and compounding developmental challenges including: poverty; food, water, and energy security; and health. This is particularly true as the region is home to many developing countries, which are disproportionately impacted by climate change, and has a large percentage of its population, economic activity, and share of global trade in coastal areas and low-elevation coastal zones. According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2021, 6 out of 10 of the most climate-affected countries in the world from 2000-2019 were from the Asia-Pacific region. Without climate-oriented development, climate change could force more than 100 million people into extreme poverty by 2030, wiping out the gains made in poverty reduction over the last few decades and potentially aggravating the profound economic and social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The economic costs associated with disasters across the region are also increasing. Already, damage to property, infrastructure, crops, and livestock from disasters increased from US$52 billion annually to over US$523 billion between 1970 and 2015. In 2019, that number was listed at US$675 billion annually (including non-climate disasters). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the “mean net present value of the costs of damages from warming in 2100 for 1.5°C and 2°C [above pre-industrial levels] (including costs associated with climate change-induced market and non-market impacts, impacts due to sea level rise, and impacts associated with large-scale discontinuities) are $54 and $69 trillion, respectively, relative to 1961–1990.” The Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2019 points out that many countries in the region could also be reaching a tipping point beyond which disaster risk exceeds their capacity to respond. In this case, the most vulnerable communities will be the hardest hit.
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At the same time, the region, home to ~60 per cent of the global population, accounts for over 50 per cent of global emissions and the high-growth path which many of the region’s economies are on means that this contribution will grow without fundamental policy interventions. Many of the world’s top GHG emitters are from the region: China (the world’s largest emitter), India, Russia, Indonesia, Japan, and Iran are some. Greenhouse gas emissions in the region mostly originate from the combustion of oil, gas, and coal, as well as from deforestation, land use change, construction, rapid industrialization, and agriculture. These trends highlight the urgent need to transition towards low carbon, green growth development to slow climate change down, as well as the need to strengthen climate resilience. Key sectors for reducing emissions and for decisive climate action include energy production and use, waste management, transportation, and the restoration of natural carbon sinks such as forests and wetlands. Meanwhile, climate bonds have taken off and carbon pricing is another one of several emerging climate action mechanisms in the region; carbon removal technologies are also being explored.
Going Forward
A special report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has shown that urgent change is needed and that carbon emissions will have to decrease drastically within the next decade if we want to hold the increase in the global average temperature to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. With the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the international community has committed to keep the global temperature increase between 1.5 and 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to create climate resilient societies, underpinned by necessary finance flows. Countries have submitted Intended (INDCs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as their individual contribution towards meeting this objective.
However, at the aggregate level, the emission reductions the NDCs entail are not enough to keep the world on track to limiting global warming to 1.5°C. Even if the NDCs are fully implemented, the world would still be on the path to warming well above the target level. Given the narrow window of opportunity available to prevent runaway climate change, the decade of action will be a critical decade in securing enhanced ambitions needed to put the world firmly on the track for achieving the 1.5°C objectives the international community has collectively agreed to.
Most of the rules for the operationalization of the Paris Agreement are now in place. Therefore, it is time to rally behind governments and non-Party stakeholders, in an unprecedented manner, to support them address challenges in scaling up efforts to reduce emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change in line with the Paris Agreement. Concerted efforts are needed for systemic changes to secure a transformation towards low emissions and a climate resilient world.
Similar to the case of the SDGs, the COVID-19 pandemic has, however, shifted some of the focus of governments away from climate action and NDC implementation. Yet, there are considerable opportunities for bringing together COVID-19 and NDC responses. There are also opportunities to tie SDG ambition with NDC ambition as an analysis by the Stockholm Environment Institute has found over 7,000 correlations.
Background
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and entered into force on 21 March 1994, puts forth the legal framework and principles for international cooperation on climate change, with the objective of regulating atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference (DAI) with the climate system. The adoption of the Convention and its instruments has been pivotal for raising awareness of the threats posed by climate change and to elevate consideration of climate action in terms of policies, projects, and programmes to the highest political level.
As of 2021, the Convention has been adopted by 197 parties (Parties to the Convention). Signatory states meet regularly at the so-called COPs (Conference of the Parties) to agree on further steps towards climate action. To expedite the Convention, the international community agreed on the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, with the aim to minimize global warming by reducing the GHG concentration in the atmosphere. Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), the Protocol considers individual capabilities in setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. The Protocol entered into force in 2005 and has 192 Parties For the first commitment period (2008-2012), 37 industrialized countries and the European
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Union pledged to cut down GHG emissions by 5 per cent compared to 1990 levels. For the second period (2013-2020), the Parties committed to an 18 per cent emission reduction against 1990 levels.
2015 then marked a historic year for global climate efforts with the adoption of the Paris Agreement, which entered into force in 2016 with the ambition of limiting global warming to 1.5 to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Furthermore, the Agreement strives to increase Parties’ capability to deal with the consequences of climate change and foster climate resilience and adaptation. The Agreement delineates the necessity to identify adequate and consistent financial flows, new technology frameworks, and capacity building systems to support action at country level.
Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are at the core of the Paris Agreement, as they require each Party to determine, disclose, and sustain the emission reductions that they aim to achieve. Starting in 2023, NDCs are submitted every 5 years to the Secretariat of the Convention. The outcome of the global stocktake (GST) will inform the preparation of subsequent NDCs, in order to allow for increased ambition and climate action to achieve the purpose of the Paris Agreement and its long-term goals.
Asian-Pacific NDC Ambition
Despite GHG emissions temporarily dropping on account of COVID-19 lockdowns in the first half of 2020, cumulative emissions in Asia-Pacific were just below 35 GtCO2 by the end of the year. These projected emissions are almost equal to the record 36.7 GtCO2 that was reached in 2019. The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Emissions Gap Report 2019 shows that the required global GHG emission reductions in the period 2020-2030 to limit global warming between 1.5℃ and 2°C are 7.6 per cent per year, or 29-32 GtCO2, which is equivalent to the cumulative emissions of the world’s six largest emitters.
Projections predict regional GHG emissions of 50 GtCO2 in 2060, revealing that the NDC commitments in the Asia-Pacific region fall short of keeping the global temperature rise below 1.5℃. While eight countries (Bhutan, China, Fiji, Japan, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Singapore, Republic of Korea) from the region have announced their carbon neutrality target by 2050—2060 or sooner in China’s case—there are still 41 other countries in the region that have yet to consider or make any such pledges.
Climate Change Adaptation
According to NASA, "Mitigation – reducing climate change – involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases (for example, the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport) or enhancing the “sinks” that accumulate and store these gases (such as the oceans, forests and soil).
Meanwhile, "Adaptation – adapting to life in a changing climate – involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate. The goal is to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change (like sea-level encroachment, more intense extreme weather events or food insecurity). It also encompasses making the most of any potential beneficial opportunities associated with climate change (for example, longer growing seasons or increased yields in some regions)."
According to UNDP, countries “have increasingly included adaptation priorities in their NDCs pointing to issues of water and food security, safeguarding economic assets from extreme climate events and disasters, and protection and regeneration of natural capital.” Many countries have developed national adaptation plans (NAPs) as a means of identifying medium and long-term adaptation needs and developing/implementing strategies and programs to address those needs. Adaptation priorities can include themes such as mainstreaming adaptation; ecosystem-based adaptation; water, coastal, and urban resilience; and climate information systems among others. Food security and agriculture is also one of the major topics of discussion for adaptation; see the briefing notes below.
Briefing Notes
Advancing on monitoring and evaluation for adaptation in the agriculture sectors
Cost-benefit analysis for climate change adaptation policies and investments in agriculture
Other Resources
E-tutorial - Making the right choices: Appraisal of adaptation options
Case Studies
Adaptation Knowledge Portal Case Studies
The Adaptation Knowledge Portal (AKP) is a product of the Nairobi Work Programme (NWP), the UNFCCC knowledge-for-action hub for climate adaptation and resilience. The AKP aims to provide access to information and knowledge on climate change adaptation, and on the work of related workstreams under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. The AKP builds on the worldwide contributions of policy-makers, practitioners and researchers to offer first-hand information and actionable knowledge for end-users.
The portal provides free and open access to a curated database of adaptation knowledge resources including case studies, methods and tools, publications and technical documents, and other materials. Users can also browse the profiles and action pledges of NWP partner organizations with recognized expertise or activities in the field of climate adaptation. All information in the database can be filtered by type, geographic region, sector or theme, adaptation element, and climate hazard.
weADAPT is a collaborative platform on climate change adaptation issues. It allows practitioners, researchers and policy-makers to access credible, high-quality information and connect with one another.
Other Case Studies
- SDG's in Crisis? Lessons learnt in fragile settings
- Gender mainstreaming and climate resilience in Zambia’s cashew sector: insights for adaptation planners
- Climate Change Adjustments for Detailed Engineering Design of Roads: Experience from Viet Nam
- Experiences of integrating agriculture in sectoral and national adaptation planning processes: Case study Viet Nam
- How Thailand is integrating agriculture into its climate adaptation plans
- National Adaptation Plans in focus: Lessons from Nepal
- National Adaptation Plans in focus: Lessons from Mozambique
- Experiences of safeguarding livelihoods and promoting resilience through National Adaptation Plans: Case study Uganda
- The Maldives: Leveraging Public Budgets for Coastal Adaptation Projects
- Indonesia Case Studies: LANDMARC and TIPPING+
- Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Community Forests and Sustainable Biomass Energy
SDG Help Desk Best Practice Case Studies (tagged by SDG 13)
Asia-Pacific Climate Week 2019
Regional Climate Weeks inspire individuals and organizations to become part of the momentum created by the global climate agreement in Paris. It is a unique collaborative platform where both government and non-Party stakeholders gather to address relevant climate issues under one umbrella with the common goal of addressing climate change.
The weeks comprise a series of events that provide space for a grassroots exchange of knowledge and best practices across the region on: Nationally Determined Contribution implementation, UN Sustainable Development Goals, and Global Climate Action. Every year the Regional Climate Weeks are held in the following regions: Africa, Latin-America and Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific.
The Asia-Pacific Climate Week (APCW) 2019 took place from 2 to 6 September, in the United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok, Thailand. It was organized in support of preparations for the UN Secretary General’s (SG’s) Climate Summit and to voice recommendations and support actions from the region. Similarly, APCW contributes towards building momentum for the COP 25 to be held in Madrid, Spain in December 2019 by ensuring that climate action remains central to the UN Climate Change process.
In line with the SG’s identified priorities, APCW focused on the following action portfolios: Finance, Nature-Based Solutions, and Energy and Industry Transition. These portfolios will ensure that transformative actions are as impactful as possible in order to bridge the gap between unsatisfactory climate action ambitions and necessary climate action targets.
APCW 2019 wrapped up with participants agreeing on a set of key takeaways on what steps urgently need to be taken for the region to be able to profit from the advantages of the transition to low carbon and resilience and the worst impacts of climate change. A key takeaway was that Asia-Pacific Region can lead the global transformation in line with a 1.5 Celsius, climate resilient world. Holding the global average temperature rise is the central goal of the Paris Climate Change Agreement. Participants at the gathering agreed that the transformation to low carbon and resilience in Asia can be driven not only by governments, but by dynamic subnational regions and cities, an innovative private sector, political leadership and finance.
Asia Pacific Climate Week Key Messages for the UN Climate Action Summit
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Youth Voices for Climate Action
- About
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The Youth Voices for Climate Action (YV4CA) campaign serves as an inclusive platform for youth in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond to make their voices heard on climate action. By making your voice heard on this critical issue, you can inspire others to do the same and move policy makers in your country to accelerate climate action.The overarching goals of YV4CA, which are aligned with the ActNow UN campaign, are to create a space for young people to:
- share views on how climate change is impacting young people’s lives;
- showcase grassroots youth initiatives making positive impact for all;
- make decision-makers aware of young people’s need for urgent climate action
- Take the Survey
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How does climate change impact you? What climate actions does your government need to take?
- Voices of YV4CA
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Hear what youth are saying about climate action!
- YV4CA Youth Advocates
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Meet the YV4CA Advocates!
Action Portfolio
According to UNDP, climate action entails “stepped-up efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-induced impacts.” The UN Secretary-General has laid down a list of action portfolios that have a high potential to curb GHG emissions and accelerate global action on adaptation and resilience.
- Finance: mobilizing public and private sources of finance;
- Energy Transition: divesting from fossil fuels and moving towards renewable energy, as well as enhancing energy efficiency;
- Industry Transition: facilitating repurposing of industries (especially Oil and Gas, Steel, Cement, Chemicals and Information Technology) to meet the climate goals;
- Nature-Based Solutions: highlighting the key role of nature in addressing the climate crisis, including through biodiversity conservation;
- Cities and Local Action: enhancing mitigation and resilience at urban and local levels, focusing on low-emission buildings, eco-friendly mass transport and urban infrastructure; and resilience for the urban poor;
- Resilience and Adaptation: addressing and managing the impacts and risks of climate change, safeguarding the most vulnerable.
Furthermore, three additional key areas were also identified:
- Mitigation Strategy: to create momentum for ambitious the NDCs and ensure achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement;
- Youth Engagement and Public Mobilization: To create global awareness and mobilize people worldwide to act on climate change, while ensuring that the voices of young people are heard and integrated into the decision making;
- Social and Political Drivers: to increase people’s well-being, by reducing air pollution, promoting decent and fair jobs and strengthening climate adaptation strategies.
Tools and Methodologies
- Publications
Accelerating Implementation of the Paris Agreement in Asia-Pacific: A Guide for Policymakers
Decoding Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Version II
170 Actions to Combat Climate Change
Report of the Secretary-General on the 2019 Climate Action Summit and the Way Forward in 2020
Assessing the role of agriculture and land use in Nationally Determined Contributions
A 1.5°C World Requires a Circular and Low Carbon Economy
UN CC:Learn-Library of Documents
The State of the World's Forests 2020
WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2019
The United Nations world water development report 2020: water and climate change
WMO State of the Global Climate in 2018
Global Environment Outlook 2019
IPCC Climate Change and Land 2019
Climate Action and Support Trends
Enhancing NDCs: A Guide to Strengthening National Climate Plans
Strengthening monitoring and evaluation for adaptation planning in the agriculture sectors
IPCC: Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Publications
- NDC Case Studies
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- Tools
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The Adaptation Knowledge Portal (AKP) is a product of the Nairobi Work Programme (NWP), the UNFCCC knowledge-for-action hub for climate adaptation and resilience. The AKP aims to provide access to information and knowledge on climate change adaptation, and on the work of related workstreams under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. The AKP builds on the worldwide contributions of policy-makers, practitioners and researchers to offer first-hand information and actionable knowledge for end-users.
The portal provides free and open access to a curated database of adaptation knowledge resources including case studies, methods and tools, publications and technical documents, and other materials. Users can also browse the profiles and action pledges of NWP partner organizations with recognized expertise or activities in the field of climate adaptation. All information in the database can be filtered by type, geographic region, sector or theme, adaptation element, and climate hazard.
NDC Partnership Climate ToolboxThe Climate Toolbox is a searchable database of tools and resources to support NDC implementation. It includes key analytical tools and guidance documents, links to other knowledge platforms, and sources of technical support (e.g. help desks) that are relevant to NDC planning and implementation for both mitigation and adaptation. The Climate Toolbox draws together the most relevant resources for from across its Partners and other leading institutions. Content from over 100 different organizations can be easily referenced and accessed through the toolbox.
Toolkit for value chain analysis and market development integrating climate resilience and gender responsiveness
This Toolkit aims to help countries in selecting and analyzing value chains for opportunities to improve climate change resilience and reduce gender inequalities. Key strengths of the value chain approach include assisting in adaptation planning, analysis of vulnerabilities and hotspots across a value chain, assessing risks at each node, identifying new market opportunities to help communities adapt, and suggesting partnerships in which there is mutual benefit from the implementation of the strategies.
Enhancing NDCs: A Guide to Strengthening National Climate Plans
Published by WRI and UNDP, Enhancing NDCs: A Guide to Strengthening National Climate Plans is designed to help practitioners think through how to structure their country’s enhanced NDCs across three dimensions: strengthening targets to reduce emissions (mitigation), enhancing climate resilience (adaptation) and clearly communicating their actions to build trust and facilitate effective implementation.
Climate Interactive is an independent, not-for-profit think-tank that grew out of MIT Sloan in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Based on a long tradition of system dynamics modeling, their simulations and insights help people see connections, play out scenarios, and see what works to address climate change, inequity, and related issues like energy, health, and food. Through Climate Interactive's En-ROADS simulator, they train people to engage others around climate change solutions (both in-person and online). Anyone interested in facilitating an En-ROADS event – such as the En-ROADS Climate Workshop or Climate Action Simulation game – can explore the training plan in order to improve their ability to lead events and enhance their knowledge on the model, game, workshop, and other relevant topics.
The IPCC Inventory Software implements the simplest Tier 1 methods for all sectors and Tier 2 methods for most categories under Energy, IPPU and Waste Sectors as well as Agriculture categories under AFOLU Sector in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The TFI is currently working on making it compatible with the Tier 2 methods for the Land component of the AFOLU Sector.
The EFDB is meant to be a recognised library, where users can find emission factors and other parameters with background documentation or technical references that can be used for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals. It is a database on various parameters to be used in calculation of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases. It covers not only the so-called "emission factors" but also the other relevant parameters. For convenience sake, however, the term "Emission Factor" or its abbreviation "EF" is sometimes used to represent parameters in this database generally.
IPCC Working Group I Interactive Atlas
A novel tool for flexible spatial and temporal analyses of much of the observed and projected climate change information underpinning the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report, including regional synthesis for Climatic Impact-Drivers (CIDs).
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is a mechanism developed by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It creates a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development.
Asia-Pacific E-Resilience Toolkit
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has been widely recognized as an indispensable development that contributes and accelerates achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Considering the significant progress in the field of ICT, the prevalence of natural disasters in the Asia-Pacific region, and ICT's heightened potential to strengthen the adaptive capacity of critical infrastructure and societies, e-resilience has gained substantial traction. The Asia-Pacific E-Resilience Toolkit offers insights into a spectrum of available ICT tools and best practices that may benefit policymakers in the Asia-Pacific region to enhance e-resilience and disaster risk management.
Climate Action Impact Tool
UNDP has developed this tool to help a broad range of stakeholders in managing the design, development, implementation, financing, measurement, reporting and verification of the various type of actions. It identifies significant impacts, indicators, and set targets and track the progress of the actions towards the NDCs.
Sustainable Freight Transport and Finance - Toolkit
UNCTAD objective is supporting developing countries in mainstreaming sustainability considerations into freight transport-related policies, plans, operations, and investment decisions.To achieve this UNCTAD, as part of a UNDA-funded project, has developed the SFTF toolkit, encompassing training materials, information, and a methodology to assess gaps and strengthen the capacity to design, develop, and implement SFTF strategies.
Connecting climate action to the Sustainable Development Goals: Analyse and compare how climate actions formulated in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) corresponds to each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
A free, open source data platform that provides the accessible, curated data that decision-makers need to analyze vulnerability and build climate resilience. It allows users to easily access highly credible climate, physical and socioeconomic datasets from sources like NASA, NOAA, USGS, ESA and more; map them to visualize a specific region’s vulnerability; track the indicators most relevant to their work on customizable dashboards; request that data providers add new tools or datasets to PREPdata; and share their stories with adaptation practitioners around the world. The platform’s wide-ranging datasets include extreme weather events, precipitation, drought and flood risks, social vulnerability, coastal energy facilities, landslides, sea level rise, global urban heat island effect, reservoirs and dams, global cropland extent and more. PREPdata is an initiative of the Partnership for Resilience and Preparedness.
A "Just Transition Toolkit" for textile and garment supply chain in AsiaUnder the Decent Work in Garment Supply Chains Asia project, the ILO is releasing a "Just Transition Toolkit". The Toolkit looks at how to drive behaviours and practices throughout the textile and garment supply chain in Asia, and will provide specific advice on just transition in the garment sector to social partners and industry stakeholders groups including: governments and policy actors, enterprises, workers. The Toolkit consists of reports, briefs, highlights, videos and infographics on the following topics: best practice environmental regulation and policy settings; eco-innovation processes and barriers to uptake; multi-stakeholder initiatives; and just transition in the sector.
QUEST 4 ACTION: Climate ScienceClimate is a key ecological parameter for ecosystem functioning and restoration. Climate describes weather conditions over 30 years. Climate change is caused by natural and human factors. Recent changes are particularly alarming, because they are accelerated by greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation, causing adverse impacts on ecosystem services, water-, food-, and energy security.
See more tools here
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- E-learning